A Brief Introduction to Hinduism
Scriptures
Hindu scriptures include:
4 Vedas
108 Upanishads
18 Puranas
the Ramayan
the Mahabharat (The Bhagavad Geeta is a tiny part of the Mahabharat.)
Trimurti and Tridevi
Hinduism is polytheistic, with dozens of gods, but there are three major deities: Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiv, together called the Trimurti (meaning 'trinity'). Their respective consorts, Saraswati, Lakshmi, and Parvati, are collectively called Tridevi (meaning 'three goddesses').
Brahma is the Creator of the universe. He grants wishes to those who pray to him, even if they are demons. His consort is Saraswati (the Goddess of learning and music). The mischievous and humorous Rishi Narad is the son of Brahma. Brahma and Saraswati reside in Brahmalok. Brahma never fights; therefore, he wields no weapons. He has four heads (representing the four Vedas) and four arms. His mount (vehicle) is a swan.
Vishnu is the Preserver of the universe. He periodically incarnates on Earth to destroy the forces of evil. Some of his popular incarnations (avatars) are Lord Ram from the Ramayan and Lord Krishna from the Mahabharat. Vishnu's consort is Lakshmi (the Goddess of wealth and prosperity). Vishnu and Lakshmi lie on the body of a gigantic serpent called Shesh in Vaikunth (meaning 'place of eternal bliss'). Vishnu's weapon of choice is the Sudarshan Chakra—a fast-rotating disc with a sharp, serrated circumference—which he uses to decapitate demons. Vishnu has four arms; his mount (vehicle) is an eagle named Garud, the king of the birds.
Shivshankar (Shiv for short) is the Destroyer of the universe; he will destroy the universe at the end of each 'cycle'. Parvati (the Goddess of energy and beauty) is his consort. He also sometimes incarnates on Earth, but his avatars are generally less prominent than Vishnu's. He has a third eye in the middle of his forehead, which emits fire when opened. Thankfully, he opens it only when infuriated. Shiv's most famous avatar is the monkey-god Hanuman from the Ramayan. Shiv and Parvati reside on the summit of Mount Kailash with their attendants. They have two children: Kartikey and Ganesh. Shiv's weapon of choice is the Trident. A snake called Vasuki resides on Shiv's neck. Shiv's mount (vehicle) is the bull-god Nandi.
The minor gods
Numerous less important gods and goddesses reside in heaven:
Indra, the king of the gods. His weapon of choice is the Thunderbolt (Vajra). His mount (vehicle) is Airavat, the king of the elephants.
Shachi or Indrani (Indra's wife), the queen of the gods
the Sun god
the Moon god
the Fire god
the Rain god
the Wind god
Yamaraj, the god of death and justice
Kamadev, the god of love
Brihaspati, the gods' guru
Several apsaras (celestial nymphs)
Important definitions
Brahman - the supreme, formless reality
Brahmarshi - the highest class of rishis
guru dakshina - payment for a guru's services
Maharshi - great rishi
sati - the practice wherein a new widow is expected to kill herself by self-immolating on her husband's funeral pyre (This ghastly practice has long been abolished in India.)
swayamvar - a ritual where a bride chooses her groom from a group of suitors
yagya - any ritual done before a sacred fire
yojan - a traditional measure of distance, reckoned variously as between about 3.5 km and 15 km
Major denominations
Vaishnavism - Its adherents, who believe Lord Vishnu is the supreme being, are called Vaishnavites.
Shaivism - Its adherents, who believe Lord Shiv is supreme, are called Shaivites.
Shaktism - Its adherents, who believe that the supreme being is feminine, are called Shaktas. All goddesses are manifestations of this supreme feminine being called Goddess Shakti.
Smartism - Its adherents are called Smartas. They worship five deities—Shiv, Vishnu, Devi (Goddess), Sun god, and Ganesh—as manifestations of Brahman.
The caste system
Hinduism has different castes:
Brahmins (Priests and Intellectuals)
Kshatriyas (Warriors)
Vaishyas (Merchants)
Shudras (Manual laborers and Artisans)
Dalits (Untouchables)
The caste system is one of the modern evils of Hinduism.